8^th Annual Pharma Middle East Congress October 10-12, 2016 Dubai, UAE

Maryam Alband completed her MPharm degree with first class honours in 2013 at UCL School of Pharmacy, London. Following her registration as a fully qualified pharmacist at Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, she returned to UCL to undertake a PhD in Translational Sciences and Pharmaceutics. Her work involved the development of a novel medical implant funded by a prestigious NIHR grant that has led to the award of an international travel grant.

Introduction: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment worldwide. Glaucoma surgical devices fail due to a scarring response that results in fibrous encapsulation surrounding the device preventing aqueous humour drainage. 3D printing technology has the potential to develop personalized ophthalmic devices or organs with improved cost effectiveness and productivity. Limited experimental data exists as to the biocompatibility response of 3D printed photopolymers. We performed cell adhesion and protein adsorption studies of 3D printed photopolymers compared to materials used in current ophthalmic devices (Silicone, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) to assess 3D printed materials as a potential route for ophthalmic device development. Methods: 3D printed materials (n=6) were developed using a high-resolution, desktop stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer and compared to materials used in current ophthalmic devices. Protein adsorption was quantified using a micro bicinchoninic acid (Micro BCA) assay and fluorescein-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) adsorption. Cell adhesion (monocytes, fibroblasts) was assessed using Alamar Blue, CyQUANT and Live/Dead assays. Data were compared using a two-tailed unpaired t-Test. Results: 3D printed materials demonstrated low cell adhesion and protein adsorption. Results were similar to those found with materials used in current ophthalmic devices (P>0.05). However it was noted that 3D printed materials demonstrated increased cytotoxicity (P<0.05). Conclusion: 3D printed photopolymer materials demonstrated a similar biocompatibility response to currently used materials and may allow for the development of customisable ophthalmic devices or organs. Subsequent testing will determine the adhesion response to 3D printed materials containing anti-scarring agents.

Theophylline is a well-known CNS stimulant that may cause marked increase of spontaneous and forced motor activity of rats. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of pretreatment of rats with ethanolic ginger extract on theophylline-induced increase of motor activity of rats. The present study investigated the effect of theophylline, alone and after pretreatment of rats with different doses of ethanolic ginger extract on locomotor activity and forced performance of rats. Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of ethanolic ginger extract in doses of 50,100,200 and 400 mg/kg/d 60 minutes before theophylline in a dose of 100 mg/kg produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous activity and forced motor performance of rats. The present work concluded that ethanolic ginger extract may possess a potential skeletal muscle relaxant activity owed to its marked dose-dependent inhibitory effect on theophylline-induced increase of motor activity of rats.

Haifa has completed her master’s degree of Clinical pharmacy in 2015 from Riyadh colleges for pharmacy and dentistry. She is a very hard worker and passionate at her work. She is working at the General Administration of Pharmaceutical care at the Ministry of Health in Riyadh. Haifa is recently working on a drug information booklet about the use of medications in the period of Hajj

Background and purpose: The main purpose of this study is to measure women’s awareness and knowledge of oral contraceptive use in Riyadh region. Methods: An online questionnaire data was conducted in Saudi Arabia, in Riyadh region, from August to November 2015.Women how live in Riyadh were eligible in this study. Results: The study analyzed 1445 of oral contraceptive pill users who were use it for different purpose. The knowledge of the correct way on OCP side effects was associated with age and length of usage. For every one-year increase in use, the odds ratio =of awareness that OCP may cause depression was 61% higher and therefore duration of OCP usage was a significance predictor for knowledge even after adjusting for covariate (adjusted OR=1.523; 95%CI=1.053 to 2.203, p=0.009). At the baseline characteristics of 1,303(90.03%)of the total women participated who thought that they have a little or enough information, univariate analysis showed that 1157(80.07%) of women in total were demanded for having more knowledge towards OCP. The research noticed there is an enormous gap between participant’s manner of practice and the correct method in all aspects. Consequently, the majority of participants were not able to deal with missing pill, diarrhea, and vomiting. Reading OCP pamphlet were statistically significant with participant’ age, Martial status, and whether they had OCP by prescription or not, p=0.003, p=0.001, & p=0.001, respectively. Conclusion: There is little information and knowledge that was noticed for OCP practice.Participants in this study were asked for more OCP’s information and instructions.

Nahla Mohamed has completed his PhD from Uppsala University and postdoctoral studies from Umeå University faculty of Medicine. She is a member of the quality assurance commette, a premier Bio-Soft service organization. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of instsituional review board.

Background: Antibiotic misuse is one of the biggest major health problems worldwide. Awareness and good practice of antibiotic usage among females has a great influence to build- up in the healthy community. In this study, we analyzed the present status of Princess Nourha University (PNU) students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on the usage of antibiotics, and examined the influence of PNU medical curriculum on the appropriate usage of antibiotics among medical students. Materials and Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Riyadh city. A total of 394 female students from PNU, aged 18-24 years, enrolling in medical school (M) and non-medical school (NM) were chosen as the subject of study. Respondents were surveyed to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice toward antibiotic usage. Results: 77% of M has a good knowledge of the types of antibiotics whereas 36.6% of NM was unable to differentiate between antibiotics and pain-killers. A closely similar percentage of M (85.1%) and NM (81.0%) disagreed the universal principles of antibiotic use is not wide enough. A total of 96.3% of M and 97.2% of NM agreed that human body contains health-beneficial bacteria. Lastly, 77.6% of M and 74.9% of NM believed that newer and more expensive antibiotics would have better effect. The correlation in antibiotic usage without doctor’s instruction by medical students is highly significant . Conclusions: It is essential to develop educational interventions to correct the misuse and misunderstanding of antibiotics to be able to have a health educated community

Shrikant Charde completed his PhD (2008) from BITS-Pilani. He is associated with BITS-Pilani since 2001. His areas of interest are Novel Drug Delivery Systems with special emphasis on transmucosal drug delivery and nanotechnology based delivery systems, analytical and bio-analytical method development and intellectual property rights. He is a life member of Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India and Controlled Release Society Indian Chapter. He has completed various industrial and government sponsored projects. Charde has published several technical reports, research papers and attended several conferences of international and national level.

For pediatric patients, it is necessary to consider the use of dosage forms which are easy to swallow, disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, offer dose flexibility and which have pleasant taste and appearance. Therefore, study was aimed to design multi-unit particulate drug delivery system (Mini-tablets) of Amodiaquine Hydrochloride (AQ) and Artesunate (AS) for treatment of malaria, which can be encapsulated or filled into primary packs such as sachets. Individual minitablets of AS and AQ were manufactured by direct compression and dry granulation technique respectively, using 1.5 mm punches on tablet compression machine (Minipress, Rimek). The designed tablets were evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity and in vitro drug release. Drug release studies were carried out using USP type II apparatus. Dissolution media used during the study was sodium acetate buffer (500mL, pH 5.5). Paddle rotation was kept at 100rpm. Further, accelerated stability studies of designed formulations were performed for six months. Weight variation, drug content and other physical characteristics of designed tablets were found to be acceptable indicating suitability of technique used for manufacturing tablets. Further, all dissolution study profiles met Pharmacopoeial requirements for rapid drug release (i.e. > 75% drug released in 45 min). Further, designed formulations were found to be stable at accelerated conditions. It can be concluded that the designed formulations can provide flexibility of dose selection for different age groups. It may also provide fast disintegration which can be exploited through dispersion in water prior to dosing or through oro-dispersion as a mean of administration.

Swaroopa Rani N. Gupta has done Ph.D. in Chemistry from Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India in 1993. She is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed international journals; she has presented papers at Inter National conferences at India, Singapore, London, Dubai, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Tashkent, Nepal and has been serving as Technical committee member of International Conferences at Singapore, U.K., Dubai, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, Nepal etc. She wants to explore world through great research interest in all aspect of world problem.

Formaldehyde is widely used in the manufacture of many resins, polymers, and construction materials. It is also used as a preservative, disinfectant, and biocide. Formaldehyde is one of the volatile organic compounds that are widely used in household materials, which is associated with many health risk factors. The thermal or chemical decomposition of such materials, however, occurs surprisingly readily from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, particle board and formaldehyde-based resins. Formaldehyde is a probable human carcinogen, allergenic, and an intense irritant of eyes and mucous membranes and is therefore highly problematic as an indoor pollutant. While there are numerous methods for detecting and measuring gaseous formaldehyde, there remains a need for an inexpensive, sensitive, rapid and highly convenient formaldehyde detection method. Acetaldehyde is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants. It is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and may be a contributing factor to hangovers from alcohol consumption. Pathways of exposure include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke. Acetaldehyde is a Group 1 carcinogen. Propionaldehyde is used in the manufacture of plastics, in the synthesis of rubber chemicals, and as a disinfectant and preservative. Animal studies have reported that exposure to high levels of propionaldehyde, via inhalation, results in anesthesia and liver damage, and intraperitoneal exposure results in increased blood pressure. Present paper deals with Polarographic determination of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde by external standard addition and internal standard addition method. In alkaline medium it is possible to have well defined and separated waves relative to the reduction of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. The determination of these aldehydes are carried out effectively in presence of 3.8 x 10-6 % methyl red and 5.94 x 10-7 % bromocresol green as maxima suppressor and 0.025 N lithium hydroxide and 0.0025 N lithium chloride as supporting electrolyte at pH 12 by external standard addition and internal standard addition method. Polarograms of all systems were recorded on Toshniwal maual polarograph using Dropping Mercury Electrode as cathode and Saturated Calomel Electrode as anode. The results of estimation of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in synthetic solution by external standard addition and internal standard addition methods are found to be accurate and precise with low values of standard deviation.

Swaroopa Rani N. Gupta has done Ph.D. in Chemistry from Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India in 1993. She is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed international journals; she has presented papers at Inter National conferences at India, Singapore, London, Dubai, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Tashkent, Nepal and has been serving as Technical committee member of International Conferences at Singapore, U.K., Dubai, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, Nepal etc. She wants to explore world through great research interest in all aspect of world problem.

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically useful devices in the near future. The most notable nanomedicine advancements have been in the field of oncology. In addition to oncologic applications, nanomedicine research has stretched across the spectrum of medical specialties. Likewise, the array of nanotechnology products being applied to medicine is equally as varied: magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, liposomes, nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, gold nanoparticles, microspheres, carbon nanotubes, and other polymeric nanoparticle designs. While most of these technologies are still in preclinical development, there is a growing list of nanomedicine-enabled products already on the market and in clinical trials. The application of nanotechnology to the drug development process allows scientists to design and develop nanoscale pharmaceuticals that meet the size requirements necessary to achieve passive targeting. By virtue of their size and unique surface properties, nanoparticles are also capable of active targeting to diseased cells in order to deliver drugs at a higher concentration while reducing drug-related side effects by preventing or reducing the interaction with normal cells. Administration of drugs via nanoparticles allows manipulation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of drugs and increases the overall therapeutic effect. Nanotechnology for drug delivery involves the approaches of nanoparticles to deliver drugs, other therapeutic substances to specific types of cells. Nano-sized devices are a lot smaller than human cells but similar size to biomolecules such as proteins and enzymes. They have the ability to penetrate even the blood brain barrier which is impervious to most therapeutic agents; this is due to their small size. This review focuses on types of nanocarriers for drug delivery and their respective drugs which include Lipid-Based Nanoparticles – Doxil, Inflexal V, ImmTher, DaunoXome, CPX-1, LE-SN38, MCC465, anti-HER2; Polymeric Micelles - Genexol-PM, NK911, SP1049C, NK105, NC6004; Polymer-Based Nanoparticles – Zoladex, Lupron Depot, Oncaspar, PEG intron, Zinostatin (Stimamler), PK1; Protein-Based Nanoparticles – Abraxane, Ontak, Zevalin, Bexxar, ABI-008 (nab-docetaxel), ABI-009 (nab-rapamycin); Microparticles and Nanoparticles - AI-850, IL-2 XL; Nanoemulsions - NB-001, MagForce Nanotechnologies AB. This paper also discusses some nanotechnology-based drugs that are commercially available or in human clinical trials which include Abraxane, Doxorubicin Liposomal (Doxil), Onivyde, C-dots (Cornell dots), Loteprednol etabonate, KPI-121 and nanotechnology in medicine application in various area such as drug delivery, therapy techniques, diagnostic techniques, anti-microbial techniques, cell repair.

Shrikant Charde completed his PhD (2008) from BITS-Pilani. He is associated with BITS-Pilani since 2001. His areas of interest are Novel Drug Delivery Systems with special emphasis on transmucosal drug delivery and nanotechnology based delivery systems, analytical and bio-analytical method development and intellectual property rights. He is a life member of Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India and Controlled Release Society Indian Chapter. He has completed various industrial and government sponsored projects. Dr. Charde has published several technical reports, research papers and attended several conferences of international and national level.

Levodopa (LD) is typically co-administered with carbidopa (CD) in pharmaceutical formulations (dose ratio LD:CD =4:1) for better pharmacological effect and to reduce toxicity. LD gets absorbed from upper part of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), degrades at intestinal pH and is metabolized rapidly. The principle objectives of the present research work was to design and develop modified release multiparticulate floating drug delivery system based on gas generation technique for LD and CD combination to improve the therapeutic efficacy by enhancing bioavailability. LD and CD loaded pellets were manufactured using extrusion spheronization technique. Water was used as granulating liquid. Drug loaded pellets were coated with four successive coatings: the protective layer (ethyl cellulose), two effervescent layers (tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate) and polymeric layer (Eudragit®RL100). The impact of composition and manufacturing parameters of pellets on their micromeritic properties, floating characteristic and in vitro dissolution properties were studied. The designed pellets showed excellent floating ability (more than 20 h) and physical characteristics. Amount of tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate and Eudragit® RL 100 layered onto pellets influences floating ability and in vitro drug release rate. The pellets coated with protective layer [weight gain: 3%, w/w], effervescent layers [tartaric acid (weight gain: 8%, w/w) and sodium bicarbonate (weight gain: 14%, w/w)] and gas-entrapped polymeric membrane [Eudragit®RL100, weight gain: 15%, w/w] showed sustained release of up to 20 h. Both the drugs showed similar release profile which was confirmed by calculation of similarity factor. Oral pharmacokinetic studies were performed using rat model demonstrated improvement in the area under the drug concentration curve in rat plasma in case of designed formulations compared to the oral solution and immediate release pellets. Further, pharmacodynamic studies in rats suffering from Parkinson’s disease treated with designed formulations demonstrated reduction in abnormal involuntary movement and improvement in motor activity compared to the rats (suffering from Parkinson’s disease) treated with oral solution and immediate release pellets. Collectively, these results indicate that the designed modified release floating pellets have great potential as gastroretentive delivery system for LD and CD combination.

This study aims to perform the Drug Utilization Evaluation and Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring of the Drugs Prescribed to Patients suffering From Metabolic Syndrome in a South Delhi Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted on patients (n=100) diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) for a period of four months. During this period, anthropometric (waist circumference), clinical (blood pressure, weight) and biochemical data (Triglyceride, HDL and fasting plasma glucose) were collected and analysed. The ADRs of MetS drugs were collected using Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) form and classified using Naranjo Scale. The demographic details were obtained through a structured questionnaire by the researcher. The result shows that MetS is more prevalent in middle to elderly age (50-70 years) and in female gender (59%). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors was proved to be most commonly used to treat MetS, whereas biguanides in antidiabetic class were widely prescribed as monotherapy treatment. Although the combination of antidiabetic + antihypertensive + hypolipidaemic was proved to be most beneficial. A total of 225 ADRs were identified in the patient population, wherein only 76 (34%) were definite ADRs and rest were the doubtful, possible and probable ADRs as per Naranjo Scale. The study shows that the risk factors have a major role in prevalence of MetS and ACE inhibitors and Metformin were most widely prescribe among monotherapy as well as in combination therapy. Risk factors like family history and cardiovascular comorbid conditions like hypertension or diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia lead to MetS later on in life.

For several decades, the tea from Artemisia annua has been used as an antimalarial drug. Previous studies indicate that its activity is associated with the presence of a large number of active chemical substances including artemisinin, flavonoids, and essential oils. The use of the tea is effective in clinical trials, although it is inconvenient for patients because of its bitter taste, chemical instability and the large volume required to be taken. This study aims at addressing organoleptic problems of herbal tea to enhance compliance, acceptability and stability of antimalarial drug. First, the ways of producing encapsulated forms from the plant were found out. Many tests were performed on the dry powder of leaves and stems. These included studying organoleptic characteristics, residual moist, ability to hydrate and to compact, the fluidity and the granulometric profile. Artemisinin was determined by thin layer chromatography / densitometry. Total flavonoids were assessed through a spectrophometer. The capsules were produced in alignment with user acceptability. Other additional control tests were performed on the final product. The powder from these plant parts is grey-green with a characteristic of attractive odor, bitter taste, homogenous, fine and hygroscopic. The residual moisture (5.07%); the artemisinin content (0.5% (m/m)) and the flavonoids (0.43 mg) equivalent of quercetin/g of dry matter. The resulting capsules (250 mg of active principle and 7.5 mg of magnesium stearate as the lubricant) are shiny and of a white-blue color. The average weight (253.7 ± 2.53 g) and the decomposition time < 5 minutes. The water and artemisinin contents kept intact for 30 days after manufacture. The Artemisia annua-based antimalarial capsules developed meet the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. The dosage form solves the organoleptic problems of herbal tea, thus improving compliance, acceptability and stability of artemisinin.

Swapna Satheendran is pursuing her PhD from Manipal University along with teaching in the same University.

Pictograms or patient information leaflet are the most commonly used and acknowledged source of education for patients regarding their disease condition, medications they are using and the modifications to be done to their day to day activities. The objective of the study was to develop a pictogram-based patient information leaflets among psoriasis patients. The information and pictograms of the leaflet have been validated by an expert committee consisting of dermatologists and academic pharmacists. The Baker Able leaflet design has been applied to develop the layout and design of the leaflet. Quasi-experimental pre- and post- test design without control group was conducted on 50 patients for user-testing of the leaflets. The overall user-testing knowledge assessment mean scores were observed to have significantly improved. The overall user opinion of content and legibility of the leaflets was good. The pictogram- based patient information leaflets can be considered an effective educational tool for psoriasis patients.

Syeda Kiran Shahzadi is currently doing PhD from Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. She has 5 publications in International journals and reviewd one research paper for Journal of Chemical society of Pakistan as invited reviewer.

Amoxicillin, a penicillin derivative was synthesized as ready-to-used single vial kit and radiolabeled with technetium-99m. Various trials have been carried out to optimize the concentration of stannous chloride, amoxicillin, pH and reaction time. Radiochemical purity, in vitro and in vivo stability, partition co-efficient, protein binding and biodistribution in rabbit infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae were studied. The biodistribution studies in rabbit showed that 99mTc–amoxicillin started to accumulate in the infected area at 1-h post administration. 99mTc-amoxicillin may prove itself as potential novel radiopharmaceutical for imaging infections caused by many bacteria.

Eiman Ahmed Mohamed Zain Adam graduated student of University of Medical Science and Technology, faculty of pharmacy.

Acacia Senegal (Hashab Tree) bark is traditionally used as antidiarrheal agent after immerse it with water, in this study I evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of Acacia senegal on albino rats (after inducing diarrhea by administering cassia senna leaves orally), toxic effect, margin of safety, and lethality of using acacia Senegal bark. 20 albino rats were segmented into four groups each group consist of five rats, first group is control group which did not receive any amount of acacia Senegal bark, second group is effective dose (ED50) group which receive 0.18g/100g of body weight daily for three weeks, third group is toxic dose (TD50) group which receive 0.99g/g of body weight daily for three weeks, fourth group is lethal dose (LD50) group which receive 1.8g/g daily for three weeks. Blood samples were taken from all the rats (contain lithium heparin anticoagulant), the blood and Plasma was separated by centrifugation 300 RBM for 2-3 minutes. Then Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme (ALP), Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Urea, and Creatinine were tested to know the significance change in each parameter; to know if there is a hepatotoxicity or kidney toxicity side effects , this was done by using Mindray BS-200 instrument, then results data was collected and analyzed using variance statistical methods using SAS statistical package version (9.1). Showing significance increase in urea but not in creatinine which may indicate kidney abnormalities, but no significance change in ALP and GOT enzymes; which indicate safety to liver.

Ethar is 21 years old student in the University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of pharmacy, Khartoum, Sudan. Ethar is a final year student and this is the theme of her graduation project.

Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by increased production of prolactin (PRL>25ng/ml) .Hyperprolactinemia most commonly presents as an ovulatory disorder, it can lead to reproductive dysfunction infertility, impotence and irregular menstrual period. Chemical drugs are used to treat hyperprolactinemia, but it have a lot of side effects and cost problems. Origanum majorana is a herb belong to the family lamiaceae, it is used traditionally for its ability to restore hormonal balance and to treat hyperprolactinemia.The study aimed to investigate about the effect of Origanum majorana in reducing prolactin level and compare it with the effect of bromocriptine drug, also it aim to investigate about the effect of ethanol inducing hyperprolactinemia. 11 female albino rats were ingested with ethanol before experiment to induce hypeprolactinemia then they were grouped into three groups; group of bromocriptine was treated with 2.5 mg/kg, group origanum majorana were given 0.27 gram of origanum majorana per kilogram body weight in 4.5 ml of boiled water and let for five minutes then given orally to rats in this group, control group were fed ad-libidum without any treatment. Origanum majorana group showed significant result in reducing prolactin level, while bromocriptine group showed non-significant result in reducing prolactin level, this may be due to small doses given. Also not significant result was showed with ethanol; it could not induce hyperprolactinemia and this may be due to small amount ingested. As a conclusion Origanum majorana was effective in reducing prolactin level, ethanol in small amount couldn’t induce hyperprolactinemia and it was also concluded that bromocriptine in dose of 2.5/kg body weight once per day for a weak couldn’t reduce prolactin level.

Mazin Ahmed Eltahir Mohammed is a student in the University of Medical Sciences and Technology; faculty of pharmacy, Khartoum, Sudan. This work is within the theme of his graduation project.

Cinnamaldehyde a food flavor has a high human Consumption. In this study, we evaluated toxic effect of Cinnamaldehyde on rats liver and kidneys. Rats were separated into four groups each group contain five rats. The first group is control which does not received doses of Cinnamaldehyde. Second group received 500 mg/kg/day (ED50), third group received 1200 mg/kg/day (TD50) and last group received 1900 mg/kg/day (LD50) of Cinnamaldehyde in food for period of two week. Then sufficient amount of blood samples were collected in tube (contain lithium heparin anticoagulant), Plasma was separated by centrifugation 300 RBM for 3 times. Then GOT, ALP, urea and Creatinine tests were performed using Mindary BS-200 instrument. The data was collected and analyzed by variance statistical methods using SAS statistical package version (9.1) which showed a significant increase in ALP enzyme level and urea that indicate of abnormalities in liver and kidney function but did not show a significant change in GOT level and Creatinine. Thus the study showed that Cinnamaldehyde can cause liver and kidney abnormalities and this effect is dose related that there must be awareness and rational use of Cinnamaldehyde within margin of safety and lethality showed in the study.

Fariada has completed her Master degree from Ahfad University for Women 2015. Now she is a lecturer of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics. She has published one paper in reputed journal. On Nov 2015 she presented an oral presentation in The 18th congress of the scientific association of pharmacy colleges in the Arab world.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the world. Sudan appears to be experiencing a growing cancer epidemic, which carriers many challenges characteristics of developing countries. Recently, CRC has been listed as one of the most common cancers in Sudan. The current study is to examine the impact of (ERCC1, XPD, KRAS, APC) gene polymorphisms on the risk of CRC in Sudanese population, also identify their role in toxicity profile on CRC patients treated with 5-Flurouracil (FU)/ Oxaliplatin . In total, 50 patients with CRC were recruited, 47 of them received (FOLFOX) treatment as a first- line chemotherapy. Polymorphisms in (KRAS, APC, ERCC1, XPD) were assessed in these patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. ERCC1 118, XPD 751 T,C alleles respectively and mutated KRAS genotypes may associated with risk for developing colorectal cancer in Sudanese population with percentages (14%,12%,24%) respectively. Besides no significant association between APC I1307K variant and risk of CRC in Sudanese population, but results show a high prevalence of this variant in Sudanese population which may predict an ethnic difference. Our results also showed a statically significant association between the Oxaliplatin toxicity and (XPD 751 (p= 0.02), APC I1307K (p=0.01) ). Overall, our findings suggest that mutated KRAS, ERCC1 C>T, and XPD A>C may have a good impact on CRC risk in Sudanese patients, also mutated KRAS, ERCC1 C>T, XPD A>C and APC I1307K can predict oxaliplatin toxicity in patients treated with oxaliplatin based chemotherapy.

Sudan is a very rich source of medicinal plants which are used in treatment of wide range of disease. The present review high lights the tradition uses ,chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Aloe sinkatana,the plant has great potential to be developed as drug by pharmaceutical industries .the plant was extract by successive method (PE, chloroform ,ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol and water) .Methanol extract shows high antioxidant activity and then the methanol extract was detected by HPLC/MS which reveled 9 compounds. UV spectroscopy detected the presence of two flavonoids.

Ali Niksirat has completed his MD at the age of 25 from Zanjan University of Medical Science and after passing his military service in forensic medicine organization as a advisor physician, and he is accepted in specialty of medical science in Tehran University of Medical Science. Now he is senior in his course.

Background: Migraine is an occasional headache which is manifested by neurological and digestive signs and changes in autonomic nervous system. Treatment of migraine headaches can be achieved by two modes of treatment: pharmacological and non pharmacological. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Biofeedback vs. Pharmacological treatments to put forward the best one for migraine headaches. Method: 86 patients were referred to the neurologic and psychological clinic of Vali-e Asr Hospital in Zanjan province of Iran during 2012 to 2013 diagnosed with migraine by a neurologist and psychologist according to HIS criteria were randomly enrolled into this study as two groups: pharmacological group and Biofeedback plus pharmacological group. Results: During the treatment until 8th week, the reduction rate in the frequency of attacks, severity of attacks, MIDAS score and the need to use drugs was significantly higher in biofeedback group, but in 10th week (P value=0.026,0.311,0.371,0.192) and 12th week (P value=0.035,0.488,0.118 and 0.0001), the reduction was not significant. Concerning the reduction in the frequency of attacks, the difference was significant. Meanwhile, the average of frequency of attacks was 2.68 and 1.65 in pharmacological group and Biofeedback plus pharmacological group respectively. Conclusion: Biofeedback and pharmacological treatment provides more rapid response than only pharmacological treatment while simultaneously it is more effective in the treatment of frequency of attacks; however, its effect on the reduction of headache severity and other consequent disabilities reaches to equal levels in both groups after a while.